Salud mental para todos en América Latina y el Caribe : Bases epidemiológicas para la acción
Mental health for all in Latin America and the Caribbean : Epidemiological bases for action
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s.d., 1989
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The aim of this study was to estimate the needs for mental health services in Latin America and the Caribbean by the year 2000
Two types of data were used: statistics on mortality due to psychosocial and psychopathological causes, and data on psychiatric morbidity which were extrapolated from a study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico
As a result of a rise in the prevalence of certain psychiatric disorders that lead to death, particularly those that involve violence, it is predicted that gross mortality from these causes will increase by 11.2 percent between 1985 and the year 2000. Parallel to this trend will be an increase in the number of years of potential life lost
In addition, it is estimated that 88.3 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean will suffer specific psychiatric disorders. This figure represents an increase of 48.1 percent over 1985. There will also be a rise in the gross prevalence figures for this group of disorders
There is no question that the predicted population growth differential will have a serious impact on the demand for mental health services. The worsening of socioeconomic conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean, coupled with other social factors, may cause the increases to be even greater
Two types of data were used: statistics on mortality due to psychosocial and psychopathological causes, and data on psychiatric morbidity which were extrapolated from a study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico
As a result of a rise in the prevalence of certain psychiatric disorders that lead to death, particularly those that involve violence, it is predicted that gross mortality from these causes will increase by 11.2 percent between 1985 and the year 2000. Parallel to this trend will be an increase in the number of years of potential life lost
In addition, it is estimated that 88.3 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean will suffer specific psychiatric disorders. This figure represents an increase of 48.1 percent over 1985. There will also be a rise in the gross prevalence figures for this group of disorders
There is no question that the predicted population growth differential will have a serious impact on the demand for mental health services. The worsening of socioeconomic conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean, coupled with other social factors, may cause the increases to be even greater
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Item Protecting and promoting mental health in the Americas(PAHO, 2024)Mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and psychoactive substance use-related disorders, such as alcohol or tobacco abuse, affect people all over the world and contribute to an important burden of disease. The Americas is no exception. The Region has high prevalence rates of anxiety and depressive disorders, and has experienced a considerable increase in recent years of people living with dementia, the third leading cause of death in the Region in 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated mental health issues and brought them into the spotlight. Latin America and the Caribbean saw a deterioration in mental health at the population level with prevalences of major depressive and anxiety disorders rising by 35% and 32%, respectively, in 2020. Some groups were disproportionately affected, such as health and frontline workers, women, young people, individuals with preexisting mental health conditions, ethnic minorities, and those living in situations of vulnerability. There is a lack of access to quality services for mental health conditions in many countries. Furthermore, these services are underfinanced; public spending on mental health is only about 3% of the health budget. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has urged all Member States to promote increased investment in mental health services.Item Functional low vision in adults from Latin America: findings from population-based surveys in 15 countries(2015)Objetivo. Analizar los datos de las encuestas poblacionales publicadas provenientes de 15 países de América Latina y el Caribe sobre baja visión funcional (BVF) (baja visión, desde una agudeza visual [AV] inferior a 6/18 [20/60] hasta ≥ percepción de luz (PL+), en el mejor ojo, no tratable ni corregible) en adultos de 50 años de edad o mayores. Métodos. Con objeto de extraer información estadística en materia de BVF, se volvieron a analizar los datos de 15 encuestas transversales poblacionales sobre ceguera y deficiencia visual realizadas del 2003 al 2013 (10 a escala nacional y cinco subnacionales) que abarcaron a 55 643 personas de ≥ 50 años de edad en 15 países. Once de los estudios emplearon el método de Evaluación Rápida de la Ceguera Evitable y cuatro utilizaron el método de Evaluación Rápida de de Catarata y Servicios Quirúrgicos. Al analizar las 10 encuestas nacionales, se extrapoló la prevalencia específica por edad y sexo de la BVF frente a la población correspondiente, con objeto de calcular el número total de personas de ≥ 50 años de edad con BVF. Resultados. La prevalencia de la BVF ajustada por edad y sexo en personas de ≥ 50 años de edad varió desde 0,9% (en Guatemala, México y Uruguay) a 2,2% (en Brasil y Cuba) y aumentó con la edad. La prevalencia promedio ponderada en las 10 encuestas nacionales fue de 1,6%: 1,4% en hombres y 1,8% en mujeres. Al considerer los 10 estudios nacionales en su conjunto, se calcularon un total de 509 164 personas de ≥ 50 años de edad con BVF. Con base en las 910 personas afectadas, las principals causas de BVF fueron la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad (prevalencia promedio ponderada de 26%), el glaucoma (23%), la retinopatía diabética (19%), otras enfermedades del segmento posterior del ojo (15%), las opacidades corneales no tracomatosas (7%) y las complicaciones posteriores a la cirugía de la catarata (4%). Conclusiones. Se prevé que la BVF aumente como consecuencia de 1) el aumento exponencial de esta afección con la edad, 2) la mayor esperanza de vida, y 3) el aumento de personas de ≥ 50 años de edad. Estos datos pueden ser útiles para planificar y extender los servicios de atención a la disminución de la agudeza visual en la Región; países extensos, como Brasil y México, requerirían nuevos estudios. La prevención constituye una estrategia muy importante para reducir la BVF, ya que más de 50% de los casos se pueden prevenir.Item Transtornos mentais comuns e uso de psicofármacos em mulheres atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde em um centro urbano brasileiro(2015)Objetivo. Investigar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) em mulheres atendidas em unidades de atenção básica em um centro urbano brasileiro, assim como o impacto desses transtornos sobre a qualidade de vida (QV), a associação de fatores sociodemográficos a TMC e QV e a prevalência de uso e padrão de utilização de psicofármacos na amostra estudada. Métodos. Nesta pesquisa quantitativa, transversal e correlacional-descritiva, uma amostra estratificada de 365 mulheres foi entrevistada entre maio de 2012 e janeiro de 2013 em cinco unidades básicas de saúde brasileiras. Foram utilizados questionários sociodemográfico e far¬macoterapêutico; questionário de autorrelato SRQ-20 para estimar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns; e escala de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref. Para avaliar o impacto dos TMD na QV, foram utilizados o teste t e modelos de regressão linear. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para verificar associações entre TMC e variáveis sociodemográficas. A análise do consumo de psicofármacos foi descritiva. Resultados. A prevalência de TMC foi de 44,1% e a de consumo de psicofármacos de 27,1%. Apenas 5,6% das participantes do estudo tinham registro de diagnóstico psiquiátrico no prontuário. Os psicofármacos eram usados por 41,6% das entrevistadas positivas para TMC e 15,7% das negativas para TMC. Não houve associação entre TMC e variáveis sociodemográficas. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre TMC e QV. As mulheres positivas para TMC apresentaram pior QV. Não houve influência de fatores sociodemográficos sobre esse resultado. Conclusões. Mais atenção é necessária ao padrão de uso e prescrição de psicofármacos na atenção básica. As pacientes com TMC apresentaram prejuízo funcional, evidenciado por escores de QV significativamente menores. A ausência de influência dos fatores sociodemográficos sobre os resultados parece corroborar a proposição de uma origem distinta para TMC em mulheres.Item The economic burden of noncommunicable diseases and mental health conditions: results for Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Peru(2018)[ABSTRACT]. Objective. We extend the EPIC model of the World Health Organization (WHO) and apply it to analyze the macroeconomic impact of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health conditions in Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Peru. Methods. The EPIC model quantifies the impact of NCDs and mental health conditions on aggregate output solely through the effect of chronic conditions on labor supply due to mortality. In contrast, the expanded EPIC-H Plus framework also incorporates reductions in effective labor supply due to morbidity and negative effects of health expenditure on output via the diversion of productive savings and reduced capital accumulation. We apply this methodology to Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Peru and estimate gross domestic product (GDP) output lost due to four leading NCDs (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes) and mental health conditions in these countries from 2015 to 2030. We also estimate losses from all NCDs and mental health conditions combined. Results. Overall, our results show total losses associated with all NCDs and mental health conditions over the period 2015–2030 of US$ 81.96 billion (2015 US$) for Costa Rica, US$ 18.45 billion for Jamaica, and US$ 477.33 billion for Peru. Moderate variation exists in the magnitude of the burdens of diseases for the three countries. In Costa Rica and Peru, respiratory disease and mental health conditions are two leading contributors to lost output, while in Jamaica, cardiovascular disease alone accounts for 20.8% of the total loss, followed by cancer. Conclusions. These results indicate that the economic impact of NCDs and mental health conditions is substantial and that interventions to reduce the prevalence of chronic conditions in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are likely to be highly cost-beneficial.Item 2017. Panorama of Food and Nutrition Security in Latin America and the Caribbean(FAO, PAHO, 2017)[Foreword]. The Panorama of Food and Nutrition Security in Latin America and the Caribbean 2017, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), reports for the first time on the progress made by countries in the Region towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The new figures shows that, after years of marked improvement, progress in the eradication of hunger and malnutrition in the Region has stalled. After over a decade of substantive advance in the reduction of hunger, the Region first experienced a downturn in the 2011-2013 period, after which an increase in both the prevalence and the number of undernourished people has been observed. If Latin America and the Caribbean do not resume the positive trend soon, the SDG 2 target of ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030 will not be met. In addition, there is evidence of a constant and alarming rise in overweight and obesity, both risk factors for non-communicable diseases and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Region, which have a serious effect on the well-being of the population, leading to consequences that force States and governments to spend huge amounts of funds that could otherwise be used for other social needs...In view of the Panorama 2017 edition, FAO and PAHO urge countries to transform their food systems to stop the progress of hunger and malnutrition, with a special focus on the most vulnerable people, households and territories. Only through a huge regional effort will the current trend be reversed, returning to the path that turned Latin America and the Caribbean into an example of the fight against hunger and malnutrition in all its forms for the rest of the world.