La campaña de erradicación del Aedes aegypti en las Américas : Su organización, evolución y resutados hasta diciembre de 1954
Aedes aegypti eradication campaing in the Americas its organization, evolution, and results as of December 1954
Loading...
Cite
Date
s.d., 1955
Document Number
ISBN
eISBN
ISSN
DOI
Authors
Other Language Versions
Description
The first part of this paper describes the three stages of the campaign based on the use of DDT against the urban yellow fever vector in the Americas, carried out since the adoption of the resolution by the Directing Council of the Pan American Sanitary Organization at Buenos Aires, September 1947. It is pointed out that Paraguay was the first country to accept PASB technical assistance, followed by Uruguay, Ecuador, Venezuela and thereafter, all the countries of Central America. As sponsor of the resolution adopted at Buenos Aires, Brazil agreed to provide the campaign against the Aedes aegypti with widely experienced experts
During the initial stage from 1948 to 1950, the system of coordinating the campaign was established, the Continent being divided into two large and important zones: one, which included the countries in the northern part of South America, Central America, and Mexico, and the other, the countries in the central and southern part of South America. In the first countries, an effort was made to speed up the work by applying DDT only as a larvicide and by spraying the substance in large areas where the malaria problem was also present. In the southern countries, along general lines, the norms established by previous experience were followed, the combat being directed against the A. aegypti only, using the so-called perifocal-DDT method adopted successfully in Brazil, ...(AU)
During the initial stage from 1948 to 1950, the system of coordinating the campaign was established, the Continent being divided into two large and important zones: one, which included the countries in the northern part of South America, Central America, and Mexico, and the other, the countries in the central and southern part of South America. In the first countries, an effort was made to speed up the work by applying DDT only as a larvicide and by spraying the substance in large areas where the malaria problem was also present. In the southern countries, along general lines, the norms established by previous experience were followed, the combat being directed against the A. aegypti only, using the so-called perifocal-DDT method adopted successfully in Brazil, ...(AU)
Notes
Pages
Volume
Replaces
Table of contents
Link to WHO's original document
Link to WHO's original document
Category
Youtube URI
Citation
Status Mendates
Collections
License
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Item La resistencia del aedes aegypti a ciertos insecticidas de hidrocarburos clorados y de fosfato orgánico en Puerto Rico(s.d.)A laboratory colony of Aëdes aegypti established from specimens collected at Isla Verde near San Juan, Puerto Rico, was found to be highly resistant to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons and moderately resistant to some organophosphorus insecticides. In the first group of experiments ten parts permillion of DDT and of lindane and 7.5 p.p.m. of dieldrin were required to obtain 100 per cent mortality of the larvae after 24 hours exposure to the insecticides. In another group of experiments, after a number of months of colonization, 10 p.p.m. of these three insecticides did not result in 100 per cent mortality, and resistance to dieldrin became very great, for at 10 p.p.m. this insecticide gave 66 per cent dead and 80 per cent dead plus moribund. Chlordane at 10 p.p.m. gave only 14.5 per cent kill. Malathion, dipterex and diazinon produced 100 per cent mortality at 2.5 p.p.m. Bayer 21/199 was the most effective giving 96.5 per cent mortality at 0.5 p.p.m. and 100 per cent mortality at 1.0 p.p.m. The high resistance to DDT and dieldrin was confirmed by tests with adult females which indicated a range of mortality for DDT (4.0 per cent) of 11 to 63 per cent and for dieldrin (1.6 per cent) of 0 to 22 per cent. This appears to be the first report of high resistance to both DDT and dieldrin in a strain of Aëdes aegypti(AU)Item Integrated Management Strategy for Arboviral Disease Prevention and Control in the Americas(PAHO, 2020)In recent years, conditions in the Region of the Americas have been highly favorable for the introduction and spread of arthropod-borne viral infections (arboviral diseases). Although dengue has been circulating for over 400 years, the number of cases reported since the year 2000 represents an unprecedented increase, with four serotypes in circulation. Since that year, 19.6 million cases of dengue have been reported to PAHO/WHO, including more than 800,000 severe cases and over 10,000 deaths. In 2015 and 2016 alone, more than 4.8 million cases were reported, 17,000 of them severe, resulting in 2,000 deaths. Despite a 23% reduction in the dengue case-fatality rate in the last six years (from 0.069% to 0.053%), the continued risk of severe disease and even death poses a serious public health problem in the Americas. Today, arboviruses present an extremely complex and unstable epidemiological situation, given the simultaneous epidemic circulation of three arboviral diseases and the risk that others could become epidemics, for example, Mayaro fever. Countries are aware that this complex situation can only be addressed with a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. The development of IMS-arbovirus is part of a history of technical cooperation between PAHO/WHO and the countries and territories of the Americas. It is based on the lessons learned during the development and implementation of national IMS-dengue programs in recent years. This history of cooperation is not new. It dates back to October 1947, with the adoption of Resolution CD1.R1 during the first Directing Council of PAHO. This resolution stated that the solution to the problem of urban yellow fever would be the eradication of Ae. aegypti in the entire hemisphere. The success of that campaign was demonstrated in 1962, with the eradication of this vector in 18 countries in the Region and several Caribbean islands.Item Guide for the reports on the Aedes Aegypti eradication campaign in the Americas(PAHO, 1971)[Introduction]. The present campaign for the eradication of Aedes aegypti from the Western Hemisphere is a program of international cooperation in public health, and was undertaken in accordance with the following resolution 1 of the I Meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (Buenos Aires, 1947): The Directing Council Resolves: 1. To entrust to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau the solution of the continental problem of urban yellow fever, based fundamentally on the eradication of Aedes aegypti, without prejudice to other measures that regional circumstances may indicate. 2. To develop the program under the auspices of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, which, in agreement with the interested countries, shall take the necessary measures to solve such problems as may emerge in the campaign against yellow fever, whether they be sanitary, economic, or legal. This Guide explains the forms and procedures to be used in the preparation of the reports on the campaign. These are designed for use in the evaluation of the status and the progress of the campaign in a given country as a whole and in each initially positive locality. The usefulness of the reports will be greatly enhanced if they are transmitted regularly and promptly to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. The reports are also very useful in the application and implementation of the various definitions and provisions concerning yellow fever transmitted by A. aegypti as contained in the International Health Regulations...Item La situación de la fiebre amarilla en Bolivia(s.d.)All outbreaks of yellow fever in Bolivia during the last five years have occurred in areas where the disease was known to exist previously, namely, at the foothills of the Andes to the West and to the South of Santa Cruz, up to the parallel 20 of latitude South; the provinces of Velasco and Nuflo de Chávez in the Department of Santa Cruz and the Kaka River valleys in the Department of La Paz. However, the endemic area proper would include all of the national territory to the East of the Andes up to an altitude of about 1,000 meters above sea level and to the north of parallel 20 as far as the border of Brazil, as, outside of the places affected during the last five years, other outbreaks have occurred in this area, since 1932, when the Yellow Fever Service was created. The Aedes aegypti was eradicated in 1942, Bolivia being the first American country to achieve this success. Since 1936, when the last yellow fever outbreak due to A. aegypti occurred (in Terebinto), this vector has ceased to have epidemiological significance, and all recent outbreaks have been of the jungle type. In 1941-1945, out of 2,354 samples of liver examined at the 66 existing viscerotomy posts, 47 proved positive. There were 104,426 vaccinations against yellow fever made in the country from 1938 to 1945(AU)Item Diabetes mellitus: a challenge for the countries of the region(1975)PAHO recently convened a meeting of experts on diabetes mellitus for purposes of underlining the importance of the disease as a health problem and developing recommendations to assist the countries of the Region in establishing control programs. Existing data on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in different countries are not comparable, since population samples are not always representative and diagnostic criteria vary. Ten different countries set the prevalence figure at anywhere from 1.2 to 6.9 per cent. Mortality from diabetes reveals only part of the problem, largely because of registration difficulties. The figures that are available, however, show that the situation is very serious in several Carribbean countries; that is, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica rank first, second, and third, respectively, among 22 countries in the Americas. The data now available on morbidity and mortality, expected population growth, and probably increases in the relative size of older population groups lead to the assumption that diabetes mellitus, together with its complications, will become an increasingly serious problem in the Region over the next 10 to 15 years. Programs for the control of diabetes mellitus should include educational campaigns for patients, the public, and health professionals; early detection of the disease in high-risk groups; registration and followup of cases and the organization of systems for providing comprehensive care. Promotion of basic, clinical, and epidemiologic research directed at local problems and seeking to acquire a better understanding of the nature of the disease and its complications is also highly recommended. Naturally, each country should adapt current methods of treatment to local socioeconomic and cultural circumstances, especially with regard to dietary therapy, prescribed insulin dosage, and use of the controversial oral hypoglycemic drugs. Despite the important contribution that research can make to a better understanding of diabetes mellitus, it is the health authorities, the patients, and the public who still have the major task of coping with this increasingly prevalent disease, which more and more is revealing the consequences of its chronic nature and complications in our Region (Au)