Tratamiento intenso del morfinismo
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Klingmann, T., & Everts, W. H. (1936). Tratamiento intenso del morfinismo [Journal articles]. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/17921
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1936
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Item Is aging a problem?: Dependency, long-term care, and public policies in Chile(2018)[ABSTRACT]. Chile is facing changes associated with the demographic transition. So far, these challenges have been framed as age related. This has contributed to approaching a broad set of issues from a narrow perspective. The focus on aging has fragmented a multidisciplinary problem into different parts—particularly health and social policies—with different actors dealing with it from the perspective of their own sector. This process has generated an incomplete picture, preventing the definition and measurement of dependency and long-term care, and hindering a coordinated response to these issues. This article advocates for a change in the definition of the problem, by adopting the concept of long-term care, in order to gain a deeper and more comprehensive perspective on the issues arising from the situation that Chile is experiencing.Item Laws and regulations governing rotation of health warning labels on cigarette packs in the Region of the Americas(2022)[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To provide detailed information about how countries in the Region of the Americas are fulfilling the requirements set out in the guidelines for the implementation of Article 11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in relation to the rotation of health warning labels and to identify possible challenges in the implementation of the laws or regulations governing the rotation. Methods. We first searched for and identified all the relevant laws or regulations pertaining to health warning labels on cigarette packs in 24 countries and territories in the Region of the Americas. We then analyzed these documents to see whether the requirements in the guidelines of the WHO Convention were being met, identi- fying similarities and differences across countries. Results. We found that the majority of countries (18/24) rotate the warning labels within the 12–36 month period recommended by the WHO Convention, and about half (13/24) have sets of 8 to 12 warning labels, thus complying with the additional regional guidance, which adds other stipulations. Across the Region, there is variability regarding transition periods between sets, which range from 1 to 6 months. In the majority of coun- tries, the leading authority in charge of warnings is the Ministry of Health. Conclusions. Our analysis shows that even when countries’ laws meet the requirements of the WHO Con- vention, there are still challenges. Most countries’ laws require future legislation or regulations to be adopted before new iterations of warnings can come into effect. If legal instruments are not adopted in a timely fashion – which is occurring in many countries – new warning labels are not implemented on time, and message fatigue becomes a risk.Item Recent evidence on the illicit cigarette trade in Latin America(2022)[ABSTRACT]. The tobacco industry continues to present the illicit trade of tobacco products as a reason to slow, stop, or reverse tobacco control efforts in Latin America, including increasing tobacco excise taxes. In most cases, industry estimates of illicit trade, usually non-transparent and flawed, dwarf those of independent, rigorous research. Often, independent studies find that the levels of illicit trade are mostly non-consequential or eas- ily manageable (<12%). Almost always, industry findings grossly overestimate the illicit market. Fortunately, a burgeoning empirical literature in the region—including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay—is illuminating the genuine levels and nature of this trade, typically employing gap analysis that compares tax-paid sales to consumption and/or pack inspection studies using packs shown by smokers in surveys or discarded in the streets or garbage. Additional research in countries including Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay examines supply chains to help identify the illicit sources. This research is already helping governments to address any real problems with illicit trade and to reassure stakeholders that tobacco control efforts should be strengthened, not diminished.Item Moving in the right direction: tobacco packaging and labeling in the Americas(2022)[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the adoption of tobacco packaging and labeling policies based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)’s Article 11 guidelines, in the WHO Region of the Americas (AMRO). Methods. We reviewed tobacco control laws in AMRO from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids’ Tobacco Control Laws database. We analyzed four sub-policy areas for smoked and smokeless tobacco products: 1) health warning labels (HWLs), 2) constituents and emissions (C&Es), 3) misleading tobacco packaging and labeling, and 4) standardized “plain” packaging. Results. Of 35 countries in AMRO, 31 have tobacco packaging and labeling laws. Twenty-six countries require pictorial HWLs, 24 require warnings printed on at least 50% of the front and back of the packs, and 24 rotate a single or multiple (from 2 to 16) warnings within a specified period (from 5 up to 24 months). Only 21 countries require descriptive messages on toxic C&Es information. Twenty-seven countries ban brand descriptors with references to implied harm reduction (e.g., “light”), 24 ban figures, colors, and other signs, but only 13 prohibit emission yields printed on the packs. Only Canada and Uruguay have adopted standardized tobacco pack- aging while Uruguay also requires a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family. Conclusion. Many countries in AMRO have made good progress in adopting multiple, rotating, large picto- rial HWLs and banning misleading brand descriptors. However, there needs to be greater attention on other tobacco packaging and labeling provisions with a focus on implementing standardized tobacco packaging.