Technical note: Hemispheric Program for the Eradication on Foot-and-Mouth Disease - PHEFA beyond 2020
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Technical note: Hemispheric Program for the Eradication on Foot-and-Mouth Disease - PHEFA beyond 2020. (2019). [Technical reports]. PAHO. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51363
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2019
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[Introduction] This Technical Note provides an update of the FMD risk in the region and address its potential effects, which are critical for defining the health strategies to deal with the pending challenges, maintain the achievements made and complete the process of FMD eradication, withholding vaccination in the American Continent.
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Unedited English translation of the document submitted in Spanish at the 46th Ordinary Meeting of the South American Commission for the Fight Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (COSALFA).
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Item Biennial Plan 2024-2025 for strengthening technical cooperation from PANAFTOSA towards the consolidation of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA)(PAHO, 2024)It is acknowledged that the technical coordination and cooperation provided by PANAFTOSA/PAHO within the framework of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA) has been decisive for the progress made and it is still necessary for the complete eradication of the disease in the continent, without jeopardizing the progress made. The PHEFA remains in effect although the region reflected its best historical record in 2023, consecutively, regarding areas recognized as free by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Additionally, the countries continue to be oriented toward the execution of the PHEFA Plan of Action 2021-2025 to complete the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease, while also seeking to strengthen prevention and the capacity of veterinary services of the countries of the continent to respond to a potential foot-and-mouth disease emergency. The funding modality of PANAFTOSA/PAHO’s technical cooperation for the PHEFA is based on PAHO’s contribution with international professionals responsible of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) area and the reference laboratory, as well as the resources obtained from the reference material supplied to the countries. Additionally, it includes a model of voluntary contributions linked to specific projects with the countries. Therefore, the aforementioned is reflected in the costs referred to for this Biennial Plan 2024-2025. The expected outcomes of the mentioned plan will contribute to the goals outlined in the PHEFA Plan of Action 2021-2025, with a priority vision from PANAFTOSA/PAHO that takes into account COSALFA resolutions, aiming to prepare the countries for the final stage of the PHEFA. Based on these guidelines, and considering the current situation, PANAFTOSA/PAHO has elaborated the present proposal of the Biennial Technical Cooperation Plan 2024-2025 to consolidate the PHEFA.Item Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Comparative Analysis of Disease-Free Status with and Without Vaccination, 11 May 2023(PAHO, 2023)The techinical note of the Pan American Center for foot-and-mouth disease and veterinary public health: Comparative analysis between with and without vaccination statuses is aimed at conducting a comparative analysis between the statuses established by WOAH for foot-and-mouth disease, free with vaccination and free without vaccination, with special focus on the use of systematic vaccination in South American countries. The foot-and-mouth disease vaccine has been a major cornerstone in the fight against the disease since the onset of the PHEFA. At present, the risk of disease is mainly concentrated in the Andean region, particularly in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the bordering region with the Republic of Colombia, which questions the need of maintaining systematic vaccination in the other disease-free countries of South America. The foot-and-mouth disease vaccine is a control tool, but it is not necessary to maintain in the foot-and-mouth disease-free zones as a prevention strategy. Besides, it should be remembered that it only provides protection against vaccine serotypes, while animals remain susceptible to other serotypes. Countries with robust surveillance systems and no cases for a long period of time can progress towards eradication, suspending vaccination and gaining the foot-and-mouth disease-free status without vaccination, as outlined in the PHEFA. Several differences exist between the two statuses, which are translated into two different epidemiological contexts, with different health requirements for trade, as showed in Chart 1. Thus, foot-and-mouth disease-free zones with vaccination require improved surveillance efforts since they should demonstrate the absence of both infection and transmission. Besides, these vaccinated populations are not the end of the eradication process, which is completed by eliminating control measures. These factors result in significant differences in the maintenance costs of the two statuses (Perry et al., 2020). Decision-makers in each country, both of the public and private sectors, should take into account available scientific and technical information to start a planned transition process and achieve disease eradication in their territories. The key to eradicating foot-and-mouth disease in South America has been the collaboration and coordination of countries, orchestrated under the umbrella of the PHEFA. Joint work is essential to achieve eradication in the entire continent. The countries should address the transition to the status of foot-and-mouth disease-free without vaccination in a responsible manner, grounded on available scientific and technical evidence, with transparency in all the involved sectors to seek alternatives that foster progress and ensure sustainability of the progress achieved so far.Item Pre COSALFA 48th International Seminar. Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease: the PHEFA Action Plan 2021-2025, preparedness and transition to the status of free countries/zones without vaccination: final report (Virtual Seminar - Paraguay, 17 - 18 August 2021)(PAHO, 2021)[Objective] While in 2020 the international Seminar was not carried out prior to the 47th Ordinary Meeting of the South American Commission for the Fight Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (COSALFA), which was conducted virtually, in 2021 the Pre-COSALFA International Seminar was promoted on the occasion of the 48th Ordinary Meeting of the COSALFA, held on 19 - 20 August 2021, with Paraguay as the host country. The agenda of the International Seminar of the 48th Meeting of the COSALFA was prepared so that the participants could get acquainted with the health management of the National Service for Animal Quality and Health (SENACSA) of Paraguay in the field of foot-and-mouth disease prevention and surveillance and the experience in the process of decision making and the transition to the free status without vaccination. Likewise, the lessons learned from the previous Action Plan 2011-2020 of the PHEFA were presented as well as the objectives, strategies and guidelines for the current Plan 2021-2025, together with an update on the tools and methodologies for a timely and specific diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional level. Moreover, the capacities for rapid response to foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in the region were addressed along with the support tools that can help in emergency preparedness. The topics are covered by renowned specialists, as well as by representatives of the veterinary services in virtual thematic sessions, and complemented by a discussion to disseminate different opinions of the audience comprised of the main players and representatives of the public, private and academic sectors interested in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. The conclusions of each session are then presented in the 48th Meeting of the COSALFA.Item Programa Hemisférico de Erradicação da Febre Aftosa: Plano de ação 2011-2020(OPAS, 2010)[Objetivo geral] Erradicação da FA das populações de animais suscetíveis dos países da América do Sul e estabelecimento de mecanismos de prevenção do risco de novo ingresso da doença nos países do continente.Item Pre COSALFA 49th International Seminar. In the context of a free status without vaccination: the goal of the PHEFA 2021-2025: final report (Virtual Seminar - Ecuador, 23-24 August 2022)(PAHO, 2022)[Introduction] At the end of 2020, the new Action Plan 2021-2025 of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and- Mouth Disease (PHEFA) was approved, with the intention of achieving the foot-and-mouth disease free status for the whole continent by 2025. Among its specific goals, this action plan of the PHEFA seeks to complete the eradication of the disease in Venezuela, a transition to the official status of free without vaccination in the free countries or zones still using vaccines and maintain the free status in those countries recognized as disease-free without vaccination. Besides the localized risk in the north, with Venezuela as the only country without official recognition of foot- and- mouth disease-free by the WOAH, no outbreaks have been detected in the Region for over 10 years. Undoubtedly, this is a historical milestone never experienced before because since foot-and-mouth fever spread in the Region by the middle of the last century, there has never been such a long period without the occurrence of outbreaks in the entire Southern Cone, which shows the success of monitoring the programs for the eradication of foot-and- mouth disease. The next step is to demonstrate the elimination of the virus in vaccinated populations by suspending systematic vaccination campaigns, as done in Peru and as currently ongoing in Bolivia and Brazil. Since PANAFTOSA/PAHO published the Technical Guide for the Work involved in the Last Phase of PHEFA, in 2015, the subject of the transition to free without vaccination has been addressed in the consecutive Pre-COSALFA seminars. This process has showed that besides the risk, other socioeconomic aspects are binding for decision making and the dialogue between official veterinary services and relevant players of the private sector is essential to advance in this process. In the first session of this Pre-COSALFA seminar, in addition to knowing more details about the foot-and-mouth disease eradication program of Ecuador, the host country of the COSALFA, and its experience since the last outbreak in 2011, we would like to focus on the view “from the other side”, namely, based on a free without vaccination context. Therefore, in session 2, we will present the experiences of countries and zones already free without vaccination and, in session 3, we will learn about laboratory diagnostic tests relevant for that status. On the second day, we will center our attention on emergency preparedness. Session 4 will be focused on emergency response modelling tools, and session 5 will address the subject of regional antigen banks, particularly, the BANVACO.