The strategy, cost, and progress of primary health care
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Boland, R. G. A., & Young, M. E. (1982). The strategy, cost, and progress of primary health care [Journal articles]. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/27398
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1982
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Item Primary Health Care-Based Health systems: Strategies for the Development of Primary Health Care Team(PAHO, 2009)Primary health care (PHC) is recognized as a key component of health systems. Evidence of the impact of PHC on the health and development of the population supports this assertion. Moreover, the experience acquired in developed and developing countries has demonstrated that PHC can be adapted to diff erent political, social, and cultural contexts. The demographic, social and epidemiological changes that have occurred since the Alma-Ata Conference entail the need for an in-depth review of the PHC strategy so that it can respond to the health and development needs of the world population. PAHO’s proposal for the renewal of PHC is based on Resolution CD44.R6,1 of September 2003, which invited Member States to adopt a series of recommendations to strengthen PHC. The Resolution also urged PAHO to: consider the principles of PHC in technical cooperation activities, particularly those related to the MDGs; evaluate diff erent PHC-based systems and identify and disseminate good practices; propose a strategy for training health workers on PHC; and support PHC models at the local level. In response to this mandate, in May 2004, PAHO/WHO established a working group (WG) to make suggestions on future strategic and programmatic orientations on PHC. This process was directed by the offi ce of the Assistant Director (AD) and coordinated by the Health Services Organization Unit of the Technology and Health Services Delivery Area (THS/OS). The fi rst objective of the WG was to prepare the PHC position paper based on the legacy of Alma-Ata, the lessons learned in PHC, and the experience acquired in the reform processes. The position paper benefi ted from comments and suggestions by experts from within and outside the Region. In July 2005, the Regional Consultation was held in Montevideo, Uruguay, with the participation of representatives from 30 countries, who prepared the draft of the Regional Declaration on PHC. On September 29, 2005, the 46th Directing Council2 ratifi ed the Regional Declaration...Item Implementation strategy for advanced practice nursing in primary health care in Latin America and the Caribbean(2017)Advanced practice nursing (APN) is a term used to describe a variety of possible nursing roles operating at an advanced level of practice. Historically, APN roles haves evolved informally, out of the need to improve access to health care services for at-risk and disadvantaged populations and for those living in underserved rural and remote communities. To address health needs, especially ones related to primary health care, nurses acquired additional skills through practice experience, and over time they developed an expanded scope of practice. More recently, APN roles have been developed more formally through the establishment of graduate education programs to meet agreed-upon competencies and standards for practice. The introduction of APN roles is expected to advance primary health care throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, where few such roles exist. The purpose of the paper is to outline an implementation strategy to guide and support the introduction of primary health care APN roles in Latin America and the Caribbean. The strategy includes the adaptation of an existing framework, utilization of recent research evidence, and application of knowledge from experts on APN and primary health care. The strategy consists of nine steps. Each step includes a national perspective that focuses on direct country involvement in health workforce planning and development and on implementation. In addition, each step incorporates an international perspective on encouraging countries that have established APN programs and positions to collaborate in health workforce development with nations without advanced practice nursing.Item Progress in universal health in the Americas: addressing unmet healthcare needs, gaps in coverage, and lack of financial protection through primary health care(PAHO, 2024-12-10)Achieving universal access to health and universal health coverage (universal health) means ensuring that all people and communities have access without facing any type of discrimination or access barrier to comprehensive, appropriate, and timely quality health services. This publication utilizes the most recent data to provide a detailed analysis of the current state of universal health in the Region of the Americas. It focuses on three key indicators, unmet healthcare needs, coverage of essential health services, and financial protection, and identifies key policy implications and recommendations for future action. The data presented not only provide a broad overview of progress toward universal health goals but also highlight significant areas of concern regarding unmet healthcare needs and identifies specific populations that are at risk of experiencing financial hardship due to health expenses. In addition, the results establish a vital baseline for future monitoring and evaluation efforts. Strengthening primary health care (PHC) and prioritizing health equity are essential for the Region’s pursuit of a sustainable and inclusive path toward universal health, ensuring that every individual is able to attain the highest standard of health and well-being. A critical aspect of advancing universal health through PHC is the adoption of a territorial approach, which recognizes the diverse health needs and contexts that exist within countries. The information presented in this publication is instrumental in guiding regional and national health policies aimed at enhancing universal health outcomes throughout the Americas.Item Estrategia de atención primaria de salud y su impacto en las hospitalizaciones evitables por condiciones sensibles a la atención ambulatoria, Paraguay, 2000-2017(2019)[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Explorar la influencia que ha tenido la implementación y fortalecimiento de la estrategia de atención primaria (APS) sobre las hospitalizaciones por condiciones sensibles al cuidado ambulatorio (HCSCA). Métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal, que consideró datos correspondientes a los registros de internaciones de hospitales públicos de todo el país en el período 2000-2017. Se considera el año 2009 como punto de inicio de la estrategia de APS. Para definir los diagnósticos de las HCSCA se utilizaron los propuestos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizó el análisis de su comportamiento considerando dos etapas: 2000-2008 y 2009-2017. Resultados. Las HCSCA mostraron una tendencia a la disminución, se halló una diferencia de 6,75% entre los años finales de cada etapa. La disminución fue mayor en la medida que se amplió la cobertura de APS. Las principales causas de HCSCA fueron la neumonía y la enfermedad diarreica aguda. Las internaciones por enfermedades crónicas disminuyeron en su mayoría: por el contrario, los ingresos por enfermedades infecciosas aumentaron. Conclusiones. La cobertura y acceso poblacional con unidades de salud familiar puede limitar el impacto de la APS en las HCSCA. Se verifica una disminución de las HCSCA luego de la implementación de la APS en Paraguay. Las internaciones por enfermedades crónicas muestran mejor resultado que las internaciones por enfermedades infecciosas.