Legislación sobre seguridad vial en México: un análisis subnacional
Legislation on road safety in Mexico: a subnational analysis
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Pérez-Núñez, R., Ruelas-Valdés, D., & Hijar, M. (2015). Legislación sobre seguridad vial en México: un análisis subnacional [Journal articles]. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/34067
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2015
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Objetivo. Realizar un diagnóstico de la normativa federal y estatal para determinar en qué medida se siguen las recomendaciones en materia de seguridad vial para distintos factores de riesgo y factores protectores. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los distintos ordenamientos jurídicos federales y de las 32 entidades federativas de México en el tema de la seguridad vial. Se identificaron aquellas que tenían disposiciones sobre los principales factores de riesgo (exceso de velocidad, alcohol y conducción, uso de celular al conducir) y protectores de lesiones causadas por el tránsito (uso de casco, uso de cinturón de seguridad y uso de sistemas de retención infantil) y se analizó si estas eran adecuadas, con base en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud/Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OMS/OPS). Además, se describen los tipos de sanciones empleados en dichos ordenamientos. Resultados. Poco menos de 10% de las entidades analizadas cuentan con normatividad específica para los seis factores protectores y de riesgo analizados. Se observó que el factor de riesgo “alcohol y conducción” y el factor protector “uso de casco” son los que están más considerados en las leyes estatales. Solo en dos entidades federativas (estados) la normatividad es adecuada: en Zacatecas (en el tema de velocidad) y en Jalisco (cinturón de seguridad, sistemas de retención infantil y uso de casco). La sanción aplicada con mayor frecuencia es la multa económica. Conclusiones. Es fundamental y prioritario impulsar leyes integrales que contemplen disposiciones adecuadas que aborden criterios técnicos y científicos de protección y prevención, así como los mecanismos apropiados para vigilar, regular y sancionar.
Objective. Study federal and state regulations to determine to what extent road safety recommendations are followed with regard to different risk factors and protective factors. Methods. A descriptive analysis was made of the legal frameworks for road safety at the federal level and in the 32 Mexican states, identifying those that had regulations respecting the main risk factors (speeding, drinking and driving, and cellphone use while driving) and the main protective factors against road injuries (helmet use, seat belt use, and use of child restraint systems). The adequacy of these regulations was analyzed on the basis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) recommendations. The types of sanctions prescribed in these regulations are also described. Results. Slightly less than 10% of the entities studied had specific regulations respecting the six protective and risk factors considered. It was noted that “drinking and driving” and “helmet use” are, respectively, the risk factor and protective factor most commonly included in state laws. Adequate regulations were found in only two states: Zacatecas (regarding speeding) and Jalisco (seat belts, child restraint systems, and helmet use). Monetary fines are the most frequently applied sanction. Conclusions. It is a key priority to promote comprehensive laws with provisions that adequately address technical and scientific criteria for protection and prevention, as well as appropriate mechanisms for monitoring, regulation, and sanctions.
Objetivo. Realizar um diagnóstico da regulamentação federal e estadual para determinar em que medida são cumpridas as recomendações de segurança viária com relação a diferentes fatores de risco e de proteção. Métodos. Foi conduzida uma análise descritiva das disposições jurídicas federais e das 32 entidades federativas do México em segurança viária. Foram identificadas as entidades que dispunham de regulamentação legal sobre os principais fatores de risco (excesso de velocidade, consumo de álcool antes de dirigir, uso de celular ao dirigir) e fatores de proteção para acidentes de trânsito (uso de capacete, cinto de segurança e dispositivos de retenção infantil) e analisada sua adequação segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde/Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OMS/OPAS). Além disso, são descritos os tipos de sanções aplicadas nestas disposições. Resultados. Quase 10% das entidades analisadas dispõem de legislação específica para os seis fatores de risco e de proteção analisados. Observou-se que o fator de risco “consumo de álcool antes de dirigir” e o fator de proteção “uso de capacete” são os mais frequentemente incluídos na legislação estadual. A legislação é adequada em apenas duas entidades federativas (estados): Zacatecas (velocidade de condução) e Jalisco (uso de cinto de segurança, dispositivos de retenção infantil e capacete). A sanção aplicada com maior frequência é a multa. Conclusões. É fundamental e prioritário promover uma legislação abrangente contendo disposições adequadas que abordem critérios técnicos e científicos de proteção e prevenção bem como mecanismos apropriados de monitoramento, regulação e cumprimento da legislação.
Objective. Study federal and state regulations to determine to what extent road safety recommendations are followed with regard to different risk factors and protective factors. Methods. A descriptive analysis was made of the legal frameworks for road safety at the federal level and in the 32 Mexican states, identifying those that had regulations respecting the main risk factors (speeding, drinking and driving, and cellphone use while driving) and the main protective factors against road injuries (helmet use, seat belt use, and use of child restraint systems). The adequacy of these regulations was analyzed on the basis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) recommendations. The types of sanctions prescribed in these regulations are also described. Results. Slightly less than 10% of the entities studied had specific regulations respecting the six protective and risk factors considered. It was noted that “drinking and driving” and “helmet use” are, respectively, the risk factor and protective factor most commonly included in state laws. Adequate regulations were found in only two states: Zacatecas (regarding speeding) and Jalisco (seat belts, child restraint systems, and helmet use). Monetary fines are the most frequently applied sanction. Conclusions. It is a key priority to promote comprehensive laws with provisions that adequately address technical and scientific criteria for protection and prevention, as well as appropriate mechanisms for monitoring, regulation, and sanctions.
Objetivo. Realizar um diagnóstico da regulamentação federal e estadual para determinar em que medida são cumpridas as recomendações de segurança viária com relação a diferentes fatores de risco e de proteção. Métodos. Foi conduzida uma análise descritiva das disposições jurídicas federais e das 32 entidades federativas do México em segurança viária. Foram identificadas as entidades que dispunham de regulamentação legal sobre os principais fatores de risco (excesso de velocidade, consumo de álcool antes de dirigir, uso de celular ao dirigir) e fatores de proteção para acidentes de trânsito (uso de capacete, cinto de segurança e dispositivos de retenção infantil) e analisada sua adequação segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde/Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OMS/OPAS). Além disso, são descritos os tipos de sanções aplicadas nestas disposições. Resultados. Quase 10% das entidades analisadas dispõem de legislação específica para os seis fatores de risco e de proteção analisados. Observou-se que o fator de risco “consumo de álcool antes de dirigir” e o fator de proteção “uso de capacete” são os mais frequentemente incluídos na legislação estadual. A legislação é adequada em apenas duas entidades federativas (estados): Zacatecas (velocidade de condução) e Jalisco (uso de cinto de segurança, dispositivos de retenção infantil e capacete). A sanção aplicada com maior frequência é a multa. Conclusões. É fundamental e prioritário promover uma legislação abrangente contendo disposições adequadas que abordem critérios técnicos e científicos de proteção e prevenção bem como mecanismos apropriados de monitoramento, regulação e cumprimento da legislação.
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Pérez-Núñez R, Ruelas-Valdés D, Hijar M. Legislación sobre seguridad vial en México: un análisis subnacional. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41:e82.
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To 1) describe clinical characteristics of adult patients in Chile with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) associated with influenza viruses, and 2) analyze virus subtypes identified in specimens collected from those patients, hospital resources used in clinical management, clinical evolution, and risk factors associated with a fatal outcome, using observational data from the SARI surveillance network (SARInet). Methods. Adults hospitalized from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2015 with influenza-associated SARI at a SARI sentinel surveillance hospital in Santiago were identified and the presence of influenza in all cases confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using respiratory samples. Results. A total of 221 patients (mean age: 74.1 years) were hospitalized with influenza-associated SARI during the study period. Of this study cohort, 91.4% had risk factors for complications and 34.3% had been vaccinated during the most recent campaign. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation, occurring in 57.0% of the cohort; other manifestations included influenza-like illness, exacerbated chronic bronchitis, decompensated heart failure, and asthmatic crisis. Cases occurred year-round, with an epidemic peak during autumn–winter. Both influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and B virus co-circulated. Critical care beds were required for 26.7% of the cohort, and 19.5% needed ventilatory assistance. Multivariate analysis identified four significant factors associated with in-hospital mortality: 1) being bedridden (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0–164); 2) admission to critical care unit (aOR: 8.9; CI: 1.44–55); 3) Pa02/Fi02 ratio < 250 (aOR: 5.8; CI: 1.02–33); and 4) increased serum creatinine concentration (> 1 mg/dL) (aOR: 5.47; CI: 1.20–24). Seasonal influenza vaccine was identified as a significant protective factor (aOR: 0.14; CI: 0.021–0.90). Conclusions. Influenza-associated SARI affected mainly elderly patients with underlying conditions. Most patients evolved to respiratory failure and more than one-quarter required critical care beds. Clinical presentation was variable. Death was associated with host characteristics and disease-associated conditions, and vaccine was protective. Virus type did not influence outcome.Item Road Safety in the Americas(PAHO, 2016)[Overview]. Road traffic injuries in the Region of the Americas kill some 154,089 people each year, representing 12% of the road traffic deaths worldwide. The road traffic death rate for the Region as a whole is 15.9 per 100,000 population, lower than the global rate of 17.4. However, this regional rate masks wide variations from country to country. Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists (considered to be vulnerable road users) make up 45% of road traffic deaths in the Region. 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