Consumo de tabaco en adultos y cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Costa Rica en 2015
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Espinoza Aguirre, A., Ugalde Montero, F., Castro Córdoba, R., & Quesada Madrigal, M. (2019). Consumo de tabaco en adultos y cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Costa Rica en 2015 [Journal articles]. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/50915
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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Estimar para 2015 el consumo tabaco en adultos y el cumplimiento de las disposiciones incluidas en la Ley General de Control del Tabaco y sus Efectos Nocivos en la Salud y su reglamento. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal utilizando la Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos (GATS) en hogares, con representación nacional basada en un muestreo probabilístico en tres etapas, por sexo y zona de residencia. Resultados. Se visitaron 9 632 hogares donde se realizaron 8 607 entrevistas individuales. La tasa de respuesta fue 89%. Los fumadores actuales fueron 8,9% (IC95%: 8,1-9,8). La prevalencia en hombres fue 13,4% (12,0-15,0), en mujeres, 4,4% (3,7-5,2), en las zonas urbanas, 9,6% (8,5-10,7), en las rurales, 7,1% (6,2-8,2), y la media de la edad de inicio y la de cigarrillos fumados cada día, 16,1 años (15,6-16,6) y 13,4 cigarrillos al día (12,2-14,7), respectivamente. El grupo de 45 a 64 años presentó la mayor prevalencia: 10,4% (9,0-12,0). El 47,5% de los entrevistados nunca había oído hablar de cigarrillos electrónicos, el 6,3% había estado expuesto al humo del tabaco en el lugar de trabajo y 7,9%, en restaurantes. Conclusiones. Esta encuesta brindó información política y sanitaria relevante para la vigilancia, la asistencia sanitaria y el control de la legislación antitabaco del país. Debe hacerse un mayor esfuerzo para que se cumplan todas las obligaciones establecidas en la Ley 9028, y los resultados se mantendrán vigentes hasta la segunda encuesta GATS en 2020.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Estimate tobacco use in adults in 2015 and observance of the provisions of the General Law for the Control of Tobacco and its Harmful Effects on Health and its regulations. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in homes, with national representation based on a three-stage probabilistic sample by sex and area of residence. Results. Visits were made to 9 632 homes where 8 607 individual interviews were conducted; the response rate was 89%. Current smokers were 8.9% (95% CI: 8.1-9.8). Prevalence in men was 13.4% (12.0-15.0), and in women, 4.4% (3.7-5.2); in urban areas, 9.6% (8.5-10.7), in rural areas, 7.1% (6.2-8.2); and mean age of smoking initiation and mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, 16.1 years (15.6-16.6) and 13.4 (12.2- 14.7), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the group aged 45 to 64 years: 10.4% (9.0-12.0); 47.5% of interviewees had never heard of electronic cigarettes; and 6.3% had been exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace and 7.9% in restaurants. Conclusions. This survey yielded policy and health information relevant to surveillance, health care, and enforcement of Costa Rica’s antismoking legislation. Greater effort is needed to ensure that all obligations under Law 9028 are met, and that the results will remain in place until the second GATS in 2020.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar para o ano de 2015 o consumo de tabaco em adultos e o cumprimento das disposições contidas na Lei Geral de Controle do Tabaco e dos Efeitos Nocivos à Saúde e da respectiva regulamentação. Métodos. Um estudo transversal foi realizado baseado na pesquisa domiciliar Global Adult Tobacco Survey (pesquisa global de consumo de tabaco em adultos, GATS), com representatividade nacional a partir de amostragem probabilística em três etapas, estratificada por sexo e área de residência. Resultados. Foram visitados 9.632 domicílios e realizadas 8.607 entrevistas individuais. A taxa de resposta foi de 89%. O percentual de fumantes atuais foi de 8,9% (IC 95% 8,1-9,8). A prevalência do consumo de tabaco no sexo masculino foi de 13,4% (12,0–15,0); no sexo feminino, 4,4% (3,7–5,2); nas áreas urbanas, 9,6% (8,5–10,7) e nas áreas rurais, 7,1% (6,2–8,2). A média da idade de início do consumo de tabaco foi 16,1 anos (15,6–16,6) e a média de consumo foi de 13,4 cigarros ao dia (12,2–14,7). A prevalência maior de consumo de tabaco foi observada em indivíduos de 45 a 64 anos (10,4%; 9,0–12,0). Um percentual de 47,5% dos participantes da pesquisa nunca havia ouvido falar de cigarros eletrônicos e 6,3% haviam sido expostos à fumaça do cigarro no local de trabalho e 7,9%, em restaurantes. Conclusões. A pesquisa proporcionou aporte de importância política e de saúde à vigilância, assistência de saúde e controle da legislação antifumo do país. Faz-se necessário um esforço maior para que todas as disposições estabelecidas na Lei 9028 sejam cumpridas. E os resultados continuarão vigentes até a próxima rodada da pesquisa GATS em 2020.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Estimate tobacco use in adults in 2015 and observance of the provisions of the General Law for the Control of Tobacco and its Harmful Effects on Health and its regulations. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in homes, with national representation based on a three-stage probabilistic sample by sex and area of residence. Results. Visits were made to 9 632 homes where 8 607 individual interviews were conducted; the response rate was 89%. Current smokers were 8.9% (95% CI: 8.1-9.8). Prevalence in men was 13.4% (12.0-15.0), and in women, 4.4% (3.7-5.2); in urban areas, 9.6% (8.5-10.7), in rural areas, 7.1% (6.2-8.2); and mean age of smoking initiation and mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, 16.1 years (15.6-16.6) and 13.4 (12.2- 14.7), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the group aged 45 to 64 years: 10.4% (9.0-12.0); 47.5% of interviewees had never heard of electronic cigarettes; and 6.3% had been exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace and 7.9% in restaurants. Conclusions. This survey yielded policy and health information relevant to surveillance, health care, and enforcement of Costa Rica’s antismoking legislation. Greater effort is needed to ensure that all obligations under Law 9028 are met, and that the results will remain in place until the second GATS in 2020.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar para o ano de 2015 o consumo de tabaco em adultos e o cumprimento das disposições contidas na Lei Geral de Controle do Tabaco e dos Efeitos Nocivos à Saúde e da respectiva regulamentação. Métodos. Um estudo transversal foi realizado baseado na pesquisa domiciliar Global Adult Tobacco Survey (pesquisa global de consumo de tabaco em adultos, GATS), com representatividade nacional a partir de amostragem probabilística em três etapas, estratificada por sexo e área de residência. Resultados. Foram visitados 9.632 domicílios e realizadas 8.607 entrevistas individuais. A taxa de resposta foi de 89%. O percentual de fumantes atuais foi de 8,9% (IC 95% 8,1-9,8). A prevalência do consumo de tabaco no sexo masculino foi de 13,4% (12,0–15,0); no sexo feminino, 4,4% (3,7–5,2); nas áreas urbanas, 9,6% (8,5–10,7) e nas áreas rurais, 7,1% (6,2–8,2). A média da idade de início do consumo de tabaco foi 16,1 anos (15,6–16,6) e a média de consumo foi de 13,4 cigarros ao dia (12,2–14,7). A prevalência maior de consumo de tabaco foi observada em indivíduos de 45 a 64 anos (10,4%; 9,0–12,0). Um percentual de 47,5% dos participantes da pesquisa nunca havia ouvido falar de cigarros eletrônicos e 6,3% haviam sido expostos à fumaça do cigarro no local de trabalho e 7,9%, em restaurantes. Conclusões. A pesquisa proporcionou aporte de importância política e de saúde à vigilância, assistência de saúde e controle da legislação antifumo do país. Faz-se necessário um esforço maior para que todas as disposições estabelecidas na Lei 9028 sejam cumpridas. E os resultados continuarão vigentes até a próxima rodada da pesquisa GATS em 2020.
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Espinoza Aguirre A, Ugalde Montero F, Castro Córdoba R, Quesada Madrigal M. Consumo de tabaco en adultos y cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Costa Rica en 2015. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2019;43:e42. https://doi.org/10.26633/ RPSP.2019.42
Espinoza Aguirre A, Ugalde Montero F, Castro Córdoba R, Quesada Madrigal M. Consumo de tabaco en adultos y cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Costa Rica en 2015. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2019;43:e42. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2019.42
Espinoza Aguirre A, Ugalde Montero F, Castro Córdoba R, Quesada Madrigal M. Consumo de tabaco en adultos y cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en Costa Rica en 2015. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2019;43:e42. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2019.42
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Item Características sociodemográficas asociadas a la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en Costa Rica(2020)[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar las asociaciones existentes entre las características sociodemográficas y la prevalencia del consumo actual de tabaco en Costa Rica, según los resultados de la Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos (GATS). Métodos. Estudio epidemiológico, observacional de tipo transversal con representación nacional (n = 8607), que utilizó las variables sociodemográficas incluidas en la GATS realizada durante 2015. Se diseñó un modelo de regresión logística para predecir la influencia de esas variables en el consumo actual de tabaco. La variable dependiente es el consumo actual de tabaco considerando los determinantes sociales disponibles en la encuesta: género, nivel educativo, zona de residencia, edad y la composición del hogar. Resultados. El modelo de regresión logística demuestra que ser mujer (OR = 0,29; P < 0,01), tener 65 años y más (OR = 0,61; P = 0,02), vivir en zona rural (OR = 0,63; P < 0,01) y vivir con otras personas (OR = 0,68; P < 0,01), en particular con niños de 15 años o menos (OR = 0,55; P < 0,01), son factores protectores del consumo de tabaco. El consumo de tabaco disminuye de forma significativa con el aumento de la riqueza medida por los artefactos en la casa en las mujeres, pero no en los hombres. Completar la educación secundaria es un factor protector en las personas de 15-34 años (OR = 0,47; P < 0,01), aunque no en las personas de 35 años y más. Conclusiones. Existe una asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas disponibles en la encuesta GATS Costa Rica realizada en el 2015 y el consumo actual de tabaco. Intervenciones a nivel familiar y comunal podrían contribuir a que los consumidores abandonen el tabaquismo.Item Awareness of and support for banning e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products among Mexicans who smoke(2025-09-05)[ABSTRACT]. Objective. This study investigates awareness of and support for Mexico’s bans on e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products among adults who smoke. Methods. Data were analyzed from a 2020 survey of adult Mexicans who exclusively smoked cigarettes (n = 1 324) or smoked cigarettes and used e-cigarettes (n = 654). Weighted multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for awareness of and support for bans on each product, regressing these outcomes on variables for sociodemographic characteristics, product use, perceptions of harms, norms and exposure to advertising. Results. Weighted results indicated that 27.2% of respondents were aware of the e-cigarette ban and 15.5% supported it. Among the 805 respondents who had heard of heated tobacco products, 32.5% were aware of the ban on them, and 18.8% expressed support. Awareness of the e-cigarette ban was correlated with the frequent use of cigarettes (AOR: 2.15), while awareness of heated tobacco products was associated with current use of them (AOR: 2.36). Awareness of the bans was positively associated with support for them (AOR for e-cigarettes: 1.73; AOR for heated tobacco products: 2.17). Lower support was found among those who perceived the banned product as less harmful than cigarettes (AOR for e-cigarettes: 0.51; AOR for heated tobacco products: 0.32) or perceived information about the banned product as positive (i.e. in contrast to negative or neutral; AOR for e-cigarettes: 0.21; AOR for heated tobacco products: 0.43). Conclusions. Awareness of and support for bans on e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products were low among Mexicans who smoke, especially among those who use these products or had favorable perceptions of the products and information about them.Item Tobacco industry strategies to influence the regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products in Latin America and the Caribbean(2024)[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To document tobacco industry strategies to influence regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products (NETNPs) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. We analyzed industry websites, advocacy reports, news media and government documents related to NETNPs, focusing on electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. We also conducted a survey of leading health advocates. We applied the policy dystopia model to analyze industry action and argument based strategies on NETNP regulations. Results. Industry actors engaged in four instrumental strategies to influence NETNP regulation coalition management, information management, direct involvement in and access to the policy process, and litigation. Their actions included: lobbying key policy-makers, academics and vaping associations; providing grants to media groups to disseminate favorable NETNP information; participating in public consultations; presenting at public hearings; inserting industry-inspired language into draft NETNP legislation; and filing lawsuits to challenge NETNP bans. The industry disseminated its so-called harm reduction argument through large/influential countries (e.g., Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico). Industry discursive strategies claimed NETNPs were less harmful, provided safer alternatives, and should be regulated as so-called harm reduction products or have fewer restrictions on their sale and use than those currently in place. Conclusion. Our analysis provides a better understanding of industry strategies to undermine tobacco and nicotine control. To help counter industry efforts, health advocates should proactively strengthen government capacities and alert policy-makers to industry attempts to create new regulatory categories (so-called reduced-risk products), provide misleading information of government authorizations of NETNPs, and co-opt so-called harm-reduction messages that serve the industry’s agenda.Item Smoking cessation knowledge and perceptions of cancer care providers at six Latin American cancer institutions(2022)[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the characteristics, self-reported tobacco use, knowledge, and perceptions about smok- ing cessation among cancer care providers (CCPs), as well as perceived barriers to inform interventions that can potentially improve quitting rates and the prognosis of cancer patients in Latin America. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 996 CCPs in six cancer institutions located in Argen- tina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. An online survey consisting of 28 close-ended questions adapted from the 2012 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer survey and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey was administered. Results. The majority of CCPs, ranging from 86.1% in Mexico to 95.9% in Brazil, agreed or strongly agreed that smoking cessation should be integrated into cancer treatment. However, inadequate training on smoking cessation was reported by 66.9%, 69.4%, 70.4%, 72.9%, 85.8%, and 86.4% in Mexico, Colombia (Floridab- lanca), Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Colombia (Medellín), respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). 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The purpose of this paper is to outline recent progress made in the tobacco endgame, its relationship to existing tobacco control policies, the challenges and how endgame planning can be adapted to different tobacco control contexts. Examples of implemented policies in three cities in the United States and national policies in the Netherlands and New Zealand are outlined, as well as recent endgame planning developments in Europe. Justifications for inte- grating endgame targets into tobacco control policy and the need to set concrete time frames are discussed, including planning for ending the sale of tobacco products. Tobacco endgame planning must consider the jurisdiction-specific tobacco control context, including the current prevalence of tobacco use, existing pol- icies, implementation of the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and public support. 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