Balancing microbial and chemical risks in desinfection of drinking water: The Pan American perspective
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Balancing microbial and chemical risks in desinfection of drinking water: The Pan American perspective. (1993). [Journal articles]. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/26964
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1993
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The following is an abridged version of the keynote speech delivered by Dr. Carlyle Guerra de Macedo, Director of PAHO, at the First International Conference on the Safety of Water Desinfection
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Item Balancing microbial and chemical risks in disinfection of drinking water: the Pan American perspective(1993)Abridged version of the keynote speech delivered by Dr. Carlyle Guerra de Macedo, director of PAHO, at the First International Conference on the Safety of Water Disinfection, held from 31 August to 3 September 1992 in Washington, D.CItem Lemon juice as a natural biocide for disinfecting drinking water(1994)The natural biocidal activity of lemon juice was studied in order to explore its possible use as a disinfectant and inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae in drinking water for areas lacking water treatment plants. Fron January through July 1993, water samples of varying alkalinity and hardness were prepared artificially, and underground and surface water samples were obtained from a number of different rural and urban areas in Argentina's Buenos Aires Province. After measuring the latter samples' hardness and alkalinity, a range of concentrations of lemon juice and other acidifiers were added to each sample, and the resulting pH as well as the samples' ability to destroy V. cholerae were determined. The results show that lemon juice can actively prevent survival of V. cholerae but that such activity is reduced in markedly alkaline water. For example, treatment of underground drinking water, which is characterized as having the greatest degree of alkalinity in our area, will typically destroy V. cholerae if the alkalinity of the water is the equivalent of that produced by 200 mg CaCO3 per liter, if enough lemon juice is added to bring the lemon juice concentration to 2 percent, and if the lemon juice is allowed to act for 30 minutes. All this points up the need to determine the alkalinity of water from any local source to be treated in the process of assessing the minimum concentration of lemon juice requiredItem 2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective(PAHO, 2020)This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challenge using a methodology based on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRWS) analytical framework. This report seeks to provide the most up-to-date overview of the SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Besides outlining the general situation of countries, it presents some elements regarding human rights and the targets 6.1 and 6.2 that have been neglected in the initial monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, above all, the dimensions of inequality and affordability. This report presents four case studies, one per sub-regional block, with a more detailed characterization of the national and subnational situations of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of the Latin American and Caribbean population still lacks adequate access to water and sanitation services. Only 65% of the population has access to safely managed water services, a percentage lower than that reported worldwide, which is 71%. With regard to safely managed sanitation services, the situation is even more critical, with an access level of 39% worldwide being reported, compared to 22% in our Region.Item Ponderación de los riesgos de origen microbiano y químico en la desinfección del agua potable: la perspectiva panamericana(1993)Versión abreviada del discurso pronunicado por el Dr. Carlyle Guerra de Macedo, en la Primera Conferencia Internacional sobre Inocuidad de la Desinfección del Agua, celebrada del 31 de agosto al 3 de septiembre de 1992 en Washington, D.C