Herramienta de planificación y presupuestación para pruebas de tuberculosis y tuberculosis farmacorresistente. Guía del usuario
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Herramienta de planificación y presupuestación para pruebas de tuberculosis y tuberculosis farmacorresistente. Guía del usuario. (2022). [Procedures, manuals, guidelines]. OPS. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/56177
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Español; 14 páginas
Anexo; 27 páginas
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2022
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978-92-75-32578-0 (PDF)
978-92-75-12578-6 (Print)
978-92-75-12578-6 (Print)
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En esta guía se explica el funcionamiento de la herramienta de planificación y presupuestación para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis (TB), que facilita el cálculo sistemático de las cantidades y los costos de los productos para los países que planifican encargar productos de diagnóstico e insumos de laboratorio del catálogo del Servicio Farmacéutico Mundial. La herramienta calcula las cantidades de productos requeridas, para lo cual usa el consumo anterior o métodos de proyección basados en la morbilidad para todos los productos de diagnóstico de TB respaldados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, a fin de establecer metas para la ampliación de la escala de acuerdo con las características epidemiológicas del país y a partir de algoritmos. En las hojas de cálculo de Excel se proporcionan instrucciones preliminares, datos epidemiológicos y algoritmos, métodos de pruebas de diagnóstico e información sobre bioseguridad, limpieza, mantenimiento y reparación de equipos, así como un resumen del presupuesto.
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Versión oficial en español de la obra original Planning and budgeting tool for TB and drug resistant TB testing: user guide© World Health Organization, 2021 ISBN 978-92-4-003813-4 (electronic version)
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Herramienta de planificación y presupuestación para pruebas de tuberculosis y tuberculosis farmacorresistente. Guía del usuario. Washington, D.C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2022. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://doi.org/10.37774/9789275325780.
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Item Comunicación rápida: principales modificaciones del tratamiento de la tuberculosis farmacorresistente(OPS, 2022)Esta comunicación rápida anuncia las recomendaciones detalladas que se presentarán en la actualización del 2022 de las directrices unificadas de la OMS y su manual operativo, e informa a los programas nacionales de tuberculosis y demás partes interesadas sobre las principales implicaciones para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis farmacorresistente, con el fin de facilitar la transición y planificación rápidas en los países.Item Perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis extensivamente resistente en el Perú, 2013-2015(2020)[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas y el perfil de resistencia de los casos de tuberculosis extensivamente resistente (TB-XDR) diagnosticados en Perú entre los años 2013 y 2015. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo que incluyó a los pacientes que cumplían con la definición de TB-XDR y que fueron notificados al sistema nacional de vigilancia epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se elaboró un mapa de calor basado en la estimación de densidad Kernel para identificar la distribución espacial. Resultados. Se estimó que los casos de TB-XDR diagnosticados como nuevos representaron 7,3% del total de casos de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) reportados para el período de estudio, 74% de los casos tenían entre 15 y 44 años y la relación hombre/mujer fue de 1,7. La mitad de los departamentos reportó al menos un caso de TB-XDR, con 42% de casos nuevos sin ningún antecedente de resistencia ni tratamiento previo. En la otra mitad de los departamentos, la mayoría tenían resistencia previa tipo MDR y de tipo pre-XDR. El 57,7% de los casos presentaron resistencia a 5 y 7 drogas y 41,6% presentaba resistencia a 8 y 10 drogas de primera y segunda línea. Conclusiones. Este estudio ofrece detalles importantes del perfil epidemiológico de la TB-XDR en el Perú, donde se muestra un incremento de los casos de TB-XDR primario; es decir, casos sin antecedentes de enfermedad previa. Además, esta forma de tuberculosis se ha extendido a un mayor número de departamentos del país.Item Culture and drug sensitivity testing among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mexico: national data for 2009–2013(2016)This study documented the number and results of mycobacterial culture and drug sensitivity testing (CDST) in Mexico from 2009–2013 and assessed whether states with a higher risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) performed more CDST and had more cultures showing MDR-TB. Data for this longitudinal, descriptive, operational research study came from the electronic records of 31 state public health laboratories in Mexico. The total number of CDSTs was 6 470, increasing from 2 143 in the first 2 years to 4 327 in the latter 3 years. There was a significant increase in the proportion of cultures showing sensitivity to all drugs, from 53.1% to 60.9% in 2011–2013 (P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in the proportion showing MDR-TB, from 28.2% in 2009 to 19.8% in 2013 (P < 0.001). Cases of extensively drug resistant tuberculosis were < 1% per year. In the 12 states with higher risk for MDR-TB, significantly more CDSTs (2 382 test) were done in 2011–2013 than in the other 19 states (1 945 tests). Also, for each year the proportion of cultures showing MDR-TB was significantly higher in high risk MDR-TB states than in lower risk ones (P < 0.001). During the 5-year study period, CDST was scaled up in Mexico, particularly in high-risk MDR-TB states where a higher proportion of cultures showed MDR-TB. Scale up and wider coverage of CDST should continue.Item Use and evaluation of a line probe assay in patients with tuberculosis in Peru: 2011–2013(2016)Objective. To determine the use and performance of a line probe assay (LPA) compared with conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing (CDST) in patients registered with tuberculosis (TB) under routine program conditions in Peru in 2011–2013. Methods. This was a descriptive, operational research, cross-sectional study of sputum specimens from patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB and mycobacterial cultures from patients with smear-negative or positive TB. Drug resistance to rifampicin and/or isoniazid detected by LPA was compared to CDST. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated and reliability for detecting drug resistance was assessed through kappa coefficient, with values 0.61–0.80 showing substantial correlation, and 0.81 or above showing almost-perfect correlation. Results. In 2011–2013, there were 16 169 LPA tests performed, with the proportion of TB patients receiving the test increasing from 3.2% to 30.2%. In all, 2 905 LPA test results were compared to CDST. For LPA in sputum specimens, sensitivity for rifampicin was 92%; isoniazid, 94%; and MDR-TB, 88%; while specificity for rifampicin was 92%; isoniazid, 92%; and MDR-TB, 95%. For LPA in mycobacterial cultures, sensitivity for rifampicin was 95%; isoniazid, 96%; and MDR-TB, 90%; while specificity for rifampicin was 85%; isoniazid, 91%; and MDR-TB, 94%. Kappa coefficients were at 0.81 or above for all comparisons of LPA with CDST using sputum specimens and cultures, except for isoniazid in cultures, which was at 0.79. Conclusions. This study suggests that LPA is a reliable and rapid screening test for drug-resistant TB and should be considered suitable for routine use and scale up in Peru.Item Implementation of the national tuberculosis guidelines on culture and drug sensitivity testing in Guatemala, 2013(2016)Objective. To assess whether the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) guidelines for culture and drug sensitivity testing (DST) in Guatemala were successfully implemented, particularly in cases of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) or previously treated TB, by documenting notification rates by department (geographic area), disease type and category, and culture and DST results. Methods. This was a cross-sectional, operational research study that merged and linked all patients registered by the NTP and the National Reference Laboratory in 2013, eliminating duplicates. The proportions with culture (for new smear negative pulmonary cases) and culture combined with DST (for previously treated patients) were estimated and analyzed by department. Data were analyzed using EpiData Analysis version 2.2. Results. There were 3 074 patients registered with TB (all forms), for a case notification rate of 20/100 000 population. Of these, 2 842 had new TB, of which 2 167 (76%) were smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB), 385 (14%) were smear-negative PTB, and 290 (10%) were extrapulmonary TB. There were 232 (8%) previously treated cases. Case notification rates (all forms) varied by department from 2–68 per 100 000 population, with the highest rates seen in the southwest and northeast part of Guatemala. Of new TB patients, 136 had a culture performed and 55 had DST of which the results were 33 fully sensitive, 9 monoresistant, 3 polyresistant, and 10 multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB). Only 21 (5%) of new smear-negative PTB patients had cultures. Of 232 previously treated patients, 54 (23%) had a culture and 47 (20%) had DST, of which 29 were fully sensitive, 7 monoresistant, 2 polyresistant, and 9 MDR-TB. Of 22 departments (including the capital), culture and DST was performed in new smear-negative PTB in 7 departments (32%) and in previously treated TB in 13 departments (59%). Conclusions. Despite national guidelines, only 5% of smear-negative PTB cases had a culture and only 20% of previously treated TB had a culture and DST. Several departments did not perform culture or DST. These short comings must be improved if Guatemala is to curtail the spread of drug resistant forms of TB, while striving to eliminate all TB.