Cancer del estomago en Costa Rica: Incidencia y mortalidad
Stomach cancer in Costa Rica: Incidence and mortality
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s.d., 1988
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Stomach cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica are analyzed by sex and age group in the affected population over the period 1956-1985. Mortality has been irregular, ranging from 55.2 per 100 000 inhabitants in men and 32.4 per 1000 000 in women for the 1956-1957 biennium, to 48.9 and 23.7 per 100 000, respectively, in 1982-1983. In recent years there has been a rising trend: among males, the average mortality has been aproximately 50 per 100 000 inhabitants; for women, the rate has been around 30 per 100 000. The incidence showed a slight tendency to decline in both sexes, although the decline was more pronounced among women. The group most affected was that of men over age 45. Both incidence and mortality from this disease continue to be high- comparable to rates in countries such a Japan and Chile. The significant drop observed in these rates in recent years in the international community has not been fully reflected in Costa Rica. Consequently, interest should by fostered and efforts made to improve the diagnosis and treatment of stomach cancer in this country
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Item Cancer of the reproductive organs in Costa Rica(1975)This article analyzes deaths and hospital discharges involving cancer of the reproductive organs in Costa Rica during the period 1956-1969. The focus in on breast, prostate, and uterine cancer, since these three types account for virtually all of the known cases. It is noted that while rates of breast and prostate cancer are very low in Costa Rica, very high rates of uterine cancer have been reported. There appears to be an opportunity for reducing these excessive rates, which have a particularly strong impact on those 45 and over, through special health programs. The analysis also shows a six-year decline in mortality and hospital discharge rates for cancer of the cervix uteri. This progressive decline in cervical cancer, together with a rise in breast cancer, runs parallel to a decline in fertility rates during the same period. The observed rates of prostate cancer was very low, but a progressive rise was noted among those 65 and over. Both this time trend and the observed geographic distribution of prostate cancer in Costa Rica are in conformity with general epidemiologic features of prostate cancer described by studies made in the United States (Au)Item Epidemiología del cancer del cuello uterino en Costa Rica : 1980-1983(s.d.)In Costa Rica, despite the fact that mortality from cancer of the uterine cervix has decline in the last 20 years, it is still the second cause of cancer deaths in women today. The results from the study reported here- a descriptive epidemiological investigation of cancer of the uterine cervix during the period 1980-1983 in this country- show that the rates of incidence are similar to those in other Latin American countries, and that there are significant differences from region to region within the country. These differences are due mainly to unequal access to medical services by women in different areas and, as a result, early or late detection of the tumor. The rates of invasive cancer and cancer in situ were 33.6 and 36.3 per 100 000 women, respectively. The age-specific rates showed that cancer in situ most frequent in the 35-44 year age group, while the incidence of invasive cancer increased progressively with age. Cancer was found in the endocervix in 62 percent, in the exocervix in 23 percent, and in other parts of the cervix in 14 percent of the 577 cases for which information was available on the location of the tumor. Of the cases of invasive cancer, 83. 4 percent were carcinomas and 6 percent were adenocarcinonmas. The rates of invasive uterine cancer showed significant correlations only with respect to diarrhea-associated infant mortality and to gonorrheaItem Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 37 (20 September 2024)(PAHO, 2024-09-20)[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity have shown an overall decreasing trend in recent epidemiological weeks (EWs). In North America and the Caribbean, most cases have been associated with SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza, both of which are declining. In Central America, the Andean region, and the Southern Cone, cases have decreased, with most positive results linked to RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza. SARS-CoV-2 activity remains elevated in North America, though it has begun to decrease in most countries, as well as in some areas of the Caribbean and the Andean subregion, where the declining trend continues. In contrast, a slight increase has been observed in Brazil and the Southern Cone. Influenza has shown a general decline, although it continues to fluctuate in certain Caribbean and Andean countries. Meanwhile, RSV activity has started to decline in the Andean subregion and the Southern Cone, following epidemic levels in previous weeks, but remains high in some Central American countries. North America: Cases of ILI, SARI, and hospitalizations associated with respiratory viruses, after showing an increase in previous weeks, have started to decrease. The majority of positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2, although this proportion is also decreasing. Influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold in all countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2), followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at levels similar to the peaks observed in the previous 2023-2024 wave. By country: • In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity remains on the rise, reaching levels close to the peaks recorded in previous waves. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. • In Mexico, after rising to moderate levels in previous epidemiological weeks, ILI and SARI cases have shown a marked decline over the last four weeks to epidemic levels. Most positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2, which is currently declining. Both influenza and RSV activity remain low. • In the United States, the hospitalization rate associated with SARS-CoV-2 per 100,000 inhabitants has declined over the last four weeks. SARS-CoV-2 positivity levels, after reaching values similar to the peaks observed in 2023 and 2024, have shown a decreasing trend over the last four EW. Influenza and RSV activity continue to remain low. Caribbean: ILI cases have maintained a declining trend, associated with a higher proportion of positive influenza cases. SARI cases have remained low, with most positive cases associated with SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has been declining over the past four EW, with A(H3N2) being predominant, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, while SARS-CoV- 2 activity remains high compared to previous waves, although declining. By country: In the last four EW, influenza activity has been observed in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Saint Lucia, Suriname, and Guyana. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has been recorded in Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. RSV activity has also been detected in the Dominican Republic and Guyana. • In Jamaica, there has been an increase in SARI cases, which remain below the epidemic threshold, as well as pneumonia cases at moderate levels. This coincides with the peak in SARS-CoV-2 positivity detected in previous weeks, which is now declining. • In Guyana, after an increase in ILI and SARI activity in previous weeks, a decline has been observed in the most recent EW, with positive cases attributable to influenza, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. • In Saint Lucia, an increase in SARI activity has been detected, fluctuating around the epidemic threshold over the past four EW, coinciding with the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Central America: A decline in ILI and SARI activity has been observed over the past four EW, with most positive ILI cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2, which is declining, and most positive SARI cases attributable to RSV, which is increasing. Influenza activity, after reaching epidemic levels in several countries of the subregion, has declined over the past four EW. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been B/Victoria, followed by A(H3N2). RSV activity remains on the rise, reaching levels similar to the peaks recorded in previous seasons. After reaching levels similar to the peaks observed in previous waves, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a downward trend over the past four EW to low levels. By country: • In Costa Rica, following the increase in ILI and SARI cases in previous weeks, a decreasing trend has been observed over the past four EW to epidemic levels. Most positive ILI cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2, and most positive SARI cases are attributable to RSV. SARSCoV- 2 activity, after reaching peak levels seen in previous waves, has declined. RSV activity has shown a slight increase, although it remains low compared to previous seasons. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold. • In El Salvador, after reaching moderate levels, influenza circulation has shown a decline over the past four EW, falling below the epidemic threshold. After a slight increase, SARS-CoV-2 activity remains low compared to previous waves. RSV activity remains low. • In Guatemala, there has been a slight increase in ILI activity to epidemic levels, with most positive cases attributable to influenza, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. SARI activity has also increased to epidemic levels, with a significant rise in the proportion of positive RSV cases. • In Honduras, over the past four EW, SARI activity has fluctuated at epidemic levels, mainly associated with positive influenza cases, which are currently fluctuating at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, both of which are declining to low levels. • In Nicaragua, influenza levels have been below the epidemic threshold over the last four EW, and SARS-CoV-2 circulation remains low. However, RSV positivity rates have risen to levels similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons and continue to rise. • In Panama, ILI and SARI cases, after the increase observed in previous weeks, have shown a slight decline over the past four EW. Most positive cases are attributable to RSV, whose activity, after a significant increase to levels similar to those observed in previous seasons, has begun to decline. Additionally, fewer positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected, with activity remaining low. Influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold. Andean: ILI and SARI activity has shown a decline over the past four EW in most countries. Influenza activity has remained low and declining, with the predominant viruses being B/Victoria, followed by A(H3N2). RSV activity has been decreasing at moderate levels, and SARS-CoV-2 activity is declining after reaching moderate levels compared to previous waves. By country: • In Bolivia, SARI cases are below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has decreased to levels below this threshold. SARS-CoV-2 and RSV activity remain low, with a slight increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity. • In Colombia, ILI and SARI activity have declined below the epidemic threshold over the past four EW. Most positive cases are attributed to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2, which, after reaching circulation levels similar to the peaks observed in previous waves, has declined to low levels. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) cases have decreased to epidemic levels. • In Ecuador, SARI and pneumonia activity have shown a decline, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold. Positive SARI cases are mainly attributed to influenza, whose activity is fluctuating at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2, which, after increased activity in previous weeks, is now declining. • In Peru, after the increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity observed in previous weeks, a decline has been detected, with levels lower than in previous waves. RSV activity has decreased, and influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold. • In Venezuela, a decline in influenza activity has been observed, and RSV activity remains low. Brazil and the Southern Cone: Following the increase observed in previous weeks, SARI activity has shown a decline over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity is also decreasing. ILI activity, after showing an uptick associated with an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases, has now recorded a decline over the last two EW. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold in most countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been B/Victoria, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 and, to a lesser extent, A(H3N2). By country: • In Argentina, ILI activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold. Meanwhile, SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has also fallen below this threshold. Influenza activity remains at epidemic levels, showing a slight uptick over the last two EW. RSV, after reaching positivity levels similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons, has shown a declining trend, while SARS-CoV-2, although at low levels, has shown a slight increase. • In Brazil, influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity remains low. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a slight increase, although it remains low compared to previous waves. • In Chile, after the uptick in ILI and SARI cases, a decline has been recorded to moderate and epidemic levels, respectively. Most positive SARI cases are attributable to RSV, whose activity remains elevated, although with positivity levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. Positive ILI cases are attributable to both RSV and influenza, whose activity, while remaining below the epidemic threshold, has shown a slight increase in recent weeks. SARS-CoV-2 activity remains low. • In Paraguay, SARI activity remains at moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2, whose activity is increasing. ILI activity has shown a slight uptick associated with SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza, but remains below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has shown a slight uptick over the last two EW, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold. • In Uruguay, ILI and SARI activity have shown a progressive decline to epidemic levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose positivity levels have exceeded the peaks observed in previous seasons and are now declining. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 activity remain low.Item Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 31 (9 August 2024)(PAHO, 2024)[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: During the last four epidemiological weeks (EW), there has been epidemic activity of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in the Southern Cone, alongside an increase in activity in the subregions of North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. This activity is linked to the circulation of influenza in the Southern Cone, Central America, and the Caribbean, as well as SARS-CoV-2 in North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. Additionally, epidemic levels of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) have been observed in the Southern Cone, the Andean subregion, and Central America, related to positive cases of RSV, and to a lesser extent, influenza. In North America, there has been an uptick in activity related to the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses at the regional level, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased, particularly in North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and the Andean subregion. Additionally, although influenza activity has decreased in the Southern Cone and Central America, epidemic levels persist. RSV activity has reached epidemic levels in Central America, the Andean subregion, and the Southern Cone. North America: After a rise in cases of ILI, SARI, and hospitalizations associated with respiratory viruses in recent weeks, there has been a gradual decline. However, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold in all countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2), followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria. RSV activity has stayed low. In contrast, SARSCoV- 2 activity has increased, reaching moderate or high levels in some countries compared to previous waves. By country: • In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has risen, reaching levels close to the peaks observed in previous waves. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. • In Mexico, after reaching moderate levels in previous epidemiological weeks, ILI and SARI cases have shown a slight decline in the past week. Most positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Both influenza and RSV activity remain low. • In the United States, the SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants has increased in recent weeks, reaching levels similar to the peaks observed in 2023 and 2024. Influenza and RSV activity remain low. Caribbean: Over the past four EW, ILI cases have risen, linked to a higher proportion of positive influenza cases, while SARI cases have remained low. Influenza activity has fluctuated at moderate levels during the past four EW, with type A(H3N2) being predominant, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, while SARS-CoV-2 activity remains stable at high levels. By country: In the last four EW, influenza activity has been observed in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Guyana. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has been recorded in Belize, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Barbados, Guyana, the Cayman Islands, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. • In Saint Lucia, there has been an increase in SARI activity, with epidemic levels linked to SARS-CoV-2 circulation, although this activity has decreased in the most recent EW. • In Guyana, there has been a rise in ILI and SARI cases, with positive cases attributable to both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and to a lesser extent, RSV. Central America: There has been an increase in ILI and SARI activity, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, whose activity has been on the rise. Influenza activity, after reaching epidemic levels in several countries in the subregion, has declined over the past four EW. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2). RSV activity has reached levels comparable to the peaks recorded in previous seasons. Although SARS-CoV-2 activity is increasing, it remains below the levels observed in previous waves. By country: • In Costa Rica, following the increase in ILI and SARI cases in previous weeks, a downward trend has been observed over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2, whose activity is increasing, and to a lesser extent, influenza, which is currently declining within epidemic levels. • In El Salvador, influenza circulation, after reaching moderate levels, has declined over the past four EW, falling below the epidemic threshold. SARS-CoV-2 remains at low levels compared to previous waves. • In Guatemala, ILI activity has increased to moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to influenza and SARSCoV- 2. SARI activity remains constant at epidemic levels; however, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of positive RSV cases. • In Honduras, over the past four EW, SARI activity has fluctuated between epidemic and moderate levels, mainly associated with positive influenza cases, which is currently declining within epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. • In Nicaragua, after influenza circulation exceeded the elevated threshold, it has declined over the past four EW to epidemic levels, while RSV and SARS-CoV-2 circulation remains low. • In Panama, ILI and SARI cases have increased over the past four EW, with a rise in the proportion of positive RSV cases, whose activity has shown a significant increase, alongside SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has declined below the epidemic activity threshold. Andean: ILI and SARI activity has declined over the past four EW in most countries. Additionally, there has been an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases, with a decrease in the proportion of positive RSV and influenza cases, whose activity has continued to decline during this period. The predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2). RSV activity has remained stable at moderate levels, while SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a sharp increase to moderate levels compared to previous waves. By country: • In Bolivia, SARI cases are fluctuating around the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has decreased to levels below this threshold. • In Colombia, SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels in recent weeks, has declined below this threshold. Most positive cases are attributed to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent to SARS-CoV-2, which is increasing, with intermediate circulation levels compared to previous waves. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) cases remain high. • In Ecuador, SARI and pneumonia activity has remained around the moderate threshold in the past four EW. Positive SARI cases are mainly attributed to influenza, which is at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent to RSV and SARS-CoV-2. • In Peru, after reaching extraordinary levels of SARI, there has been a decline in the past week. Most positive cases are attributable to RSV, whose activity is on the rise, and to a lesser extent, influenza, which is below the epidemic threshold. Additionally, increasing SARS-CoV-2 activity has been recorded; however, it remains at low levels. • In Venezuela, a decline in influenza activity has been observed, falling below the epidemic threshold. Brazil and the Southern Cone: Following the increase observed in previous weeks, SARI activity has declined over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. ILI activity has shown a slight uptick, associated with an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity is declining, remaining below the epidemic threshold in most countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a slight decrease after reaching levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained low, although with a slight increase. By country: • In Argentina, ILI activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold, while SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has also fallen below this threshold. Influenza activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to epidemic levels. Additionally, there has been an increase in the RSV positivity rate, reaching values similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons. • In Brazil, ILI and SARI activity has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity is also decreasing below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. However, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a slight increase. • In Chile, after a previous decline, there has been a slight uptick in ILI and SARI cases, with elevated and epidemic levels, respectively. Most positive cases during the past four EW are attributable to RSV, whose activity remains on the rise, though with positivity levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. Influenza activity, after reaching extraordinary levels, has declined below the epidemic threshold. • In Paraguay, SARI activity remains at moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent SARS-CoV-2, which is increasing. ILI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has declined below this threshold. • In Uruguay, SARI activity has remained at moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity continues to rise, reaching levels higher than the peaks observed in previous seasons.Item Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 33 (23 August 2024)(PAHO, 2024-08-23)[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: During the last four epidemiological weeks (EW), there has been epidemic activity of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in the Southern Cone, along with increased activity in the subregions of North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. This activity is linked to the circulation of RSV in the Southern Cone and Central America, influenza in the Caribbean, as well as SARS-CoV-2 in North America, the Caribbean, and Central America. Additionally, epidemic levels of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) have been observed in the Southern Cone, the Andean subregion, and Central America, related to positive cases of RSV, and to a lesser extent, influenza. In North America, there has been an uptick in activity related to the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses at the regional level, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased, particularly in North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and the Andean subregion. Additionally, although influenza activity has decreased, it remains fluctuating in some Caribbean countries and the Andean subregion. RSV activity has reached epidemic levels in Central America, the Andean subregion, and the Southern Cone, and has shown an increase in the Caribbean. North America: Cases of ILI, SARI, and hospitalizations associated with respiratory viruses, after showing an increase in recent weeks, have begun to decline, although the majority of positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold in all countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2), followed by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained low. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at levels similar to the peaks observed in the previous 2023-2024 wave. By country: • In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased, reaching levels close to the peaks recorded in previous waves. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. • In Mexico, after rising to moderate levels in previous epidemiological weeks, ILI and SARI cases have shown a marked decline in the last four weeks. Most positive cases are attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Both influenza and RSV activity remain low. • In the United States, the hospitalization rate associated with SARS-CoV-2 per 100,000 inhabitants has increased over the last four weeks, and SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates have reached values similar to the peaks observed in 2023 and 2024. Influenza and RSV activity continue to remain low. Caribbean: Following the rise observed in previous weeks, ILI cases have shown a decreasing trend over the past four EW, associated with a higher proportion of positive influenza cases. SARI cases have remained low. Influenza activity has fluctuated, though declining at moderate levels over the past four EW, with A(H3N2) being predominant, followed by A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, though showing a slight increase, and SARS-CoV-2 activity remains high. By country: In the last four EW, influenza activity has been observed in Belize, the Dominican Republic, and Guyana. Additionally, SARSCoV- 2 activity has been recorded in Belize, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Guyana, the Cayman Islands, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. RSV activity has also been observed in Suriname. • In Saint Lucia, an increase in SARI activity has been observed, reaching epidemic levels associated with SARS-CoV-2 circulation. • In Guyana, following an increase in ILI and SARI activity in previous weeks, a decline has been observed in the last two EW, with positive cases attributable to influenza, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Central America: After the increase in ILI and SARI activity observed in previous weeks, a decline has occurred in the last two EW, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, whose activity has shown an upward trend. Influenza activity, after reaching epidemic levels in several countries in the subregion, has declined over the past four EW. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2). RSV activity continues to rise, reaching levels similar to the peaks recorded in previous seasons. After reaching levels similar to the peaks observed in previous waves, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a downward trend over the past four EW. By country: • In Costa Rica, following the increase in ILI and SARI cases in previous weeks, a decreasing trend has been observed over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent, influenza, which is currently declining below the epidemic threshold. RSV activity has shown a slight increase, although it remains low. • In El Salvador, after reaching moderate levels, influenza circulation has shown a decline over the past four EW, falling below the epidemic threshold. SARS-CoV-2 is on the rise, although it remains low compared to previous waves. • In Guatemala, there has been an increase in ILI activity to moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2, and to a lesser extent, influenza and RSV. SARI activity has increased to epidemic levels, with a significant rise in the proportion of positive RSV cases. • In Honduras, over the past four EW, SARI activity has fluctuated at epidemic levels, mainly associated with positive influenza cases, which is currently at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. • In Nicaragua, after influenza circulation exceeded the elevated threshold, it has declined over the past four EW to levels below the epidemic threshold, and SARS-CoV-2 circulation remains low. However, RSV positivity rates have risen to levels similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons. • In Panama, ILI and SARI cases, following the increase observed in previous weeks, have experienced a slight decline over the past four EW. Most positive cases are attributable to RSV, whose activity has shown a significant increase, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2, whose activity remains low. Additionally, influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold. Andean: ILI and SARI activity has shown a decline over the past four EW in most countries. Additionally, there has been an increase in the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases, with a decrease in the proportion of positive RSV and influenza cases, whose activity has continued to decline during this period. The predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2). RSV activity has remained stable at moderate levels, while SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a sharp increase to moderate levels compared to previous waves. By country: • In Bolivia, SARI cases are fluctuating around the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity has decreased to levels below this threshold. SARS-CoV-2 and RSV activity remain low. • In Colombia, SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels in recent weeks, has declined below this threshold. Most positive cases are attributed to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2, which is on the rise, with circulation levels similar to the peaks observed in previous waves. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) cases have decreased to epidemic levels. • In Ecuador, SARI and pneumonia activity has remained around the moderate threshold in the past four EW. Positive SARI cases are mainly attributed to influenza, which is at epidemic levels, and to a lesser extent, RSV and SARS-CoV-2. • In Peru, an increase in RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed, although both remain below levels seen in previous seasons and waves, respectively. Influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold. • In Venezuela, there has been an increase in influenza activity, rising above the epidemic threshold, and a slight increase in RSV activity, which remains at low levels. Brazil and the Southern Cone: Following the increase observed in previous weeks, SARI activity has declined over the past four EW, with most positive cases attributable to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. ILI activity has shown a slight uptick, associated with an increase in the proportion of positive RSV and SARS-CoV-2 cases. Influenza activity is declining, remaining below the epidemic threshold in most countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2). RSV activity has shown a slight decrease after reaching levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained low, although showing a slight increase. By country: • In Argentina, ILI activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold, while SARI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has also fallen below this threshold. Influenza activity, after reaching high levels, has declined to epidemic levels. Meanwhile, RSV, after reaching positivity levels similar to the peaks observed in previous seasons, has shown a declining trend, and SARS-CoV-2, although at low levels, has shown a slight increase. • In Brazil, ILI and SARI activity has declined to levels below the epidemic threshold. Influenza activity is also decreasing below the epidemic threshold, while RSV activity remains low. However, SARS-CoV-2 activity has shown a slight increase, though it remains low. • In Chile, after the decline observed in previous weeks, there has been a rebound in ILI and SARI cases, with extraordinary and epidemic levels, respectively. Most positive cases during the past four EW are attributable to RSV, whose activity remains on the rise, although with positivity levels below the peaks observed in previous seasons. Influenza activity, after reaching extraordinary levels, has declined below the epidemic threshold. • In Paraguay, SARI activity remains at moderate levels, with most positive cases attributable to RSV, whose activity is declining, and to a lesser extent SARS-CoV-2, which is increasing. ILI activity, after reaching epidemic levels, has declined below this threshold. • In Uruguay, SARI activity has shown a slight decline to epidemic levels, with mos